(Just The News)—Taking fluoride out of public water systems across the country would result in millions more rotten teeth and cost $9.8 billion over five years, according to a new study.
The study, published in JAMA Health Forum, found that if all 50 states removed fluoride from public water systems, kids would develop 25.4 million more decayed teeth over five years. The study noted that “tooth decay would disproportionately affect publicly insured and uninsured children compared to those with private dental insurance.”
After 10 years, the total number of decayed teeth would increase to 53.8 million at a cost of $19.4 billion, according to the study.
The simulation model used the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey data of 8,484 participants.
It noted that “excessive fluoride exposure can cause mottled discoloration of the teeth” and that fluoride “becomes a neurotoxin at high levels.” The study further stated that “natural sources of drinking water with high levels of fluoride are associated with lower IQ scores.”
The study also noted that the U.S. National Toxicology Program released a monograph that concluded that drinking water with elevated fluoride levels has neurotoxic effects. That monograph “affirmed a lack of evidence for neurocognitive effects with fluoride exposure less than 1.5 parts per million, more than twice the amount of fluoridation recommended in public water systems by the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.”
The study comes as Secretary of Health and Human Services Robert F. Kennedy Jr. seeks to remove fluoride from public water systems. In April, Kennedy said he would study the issue and make new recommendations on fluoride use in public water systems.
The American Dental Association criticized that plan.
“As dentists, we see the direct consequences fluoride removal has on our patients and it’s a real tragedy when policymakers’ decisions hurt vulnerable kids and adults in the long term,” ADA President Brett Kessler, D.D.S., said. “Blindly calling for a ban on fluoridated water hurts people, costs money, and will ultimately harm our economy.”
The JAMA study concluded that “despite the potential harms of excessive fluoride exposure, fluoridation at safe levels offers both individual and societal benefits that would be at risk.”
The study also noted the case of Calgary in Alberta, Canada. The city added fluoride to its public water system in 1991. The Calgary City Council voted in 2011 to remove fluoride. However, the city reversed course in March after an increase in cavities and a public vote. In the 2021 Civic General Election, 62% of voters supported fluoridation.
Calgary plans to reintroduce fluoride in drinking water starting at the end of June. To do so, it had to spend about $28.1 million on infrastructure improvements at Calgary’s two water treatment plants. Calgary expects to pay additional annual operating and maintenance costs of $1 million at both plants. It noted that “this translates into less than 10 cents per person, per month.”
After Calgary stopped fluoridating water in 2011, researchers at the University of Calgary conducted a study on tooth decay in a large sample of Calgary children and compared them to children in Edmonton, where fluoridation started in 1967 and remains in place.
“The research confirmed the removal of fluoride from drinking water had a negative impact on children’s oral health, where a significantly higher number of cavities were found amongst Calgary children compared to Edmonton children,” the city’s website noted.
Utah recently became the first state to ban the addition of fluoride to public drinking water. Utah lawmakers passed a measure that prohibits the addition of fluoride to public drinking water in Utah. That went into place on May 7, 2025.
Kennedy has urged other states to follow suit.
About 72% of municipal water systems in the U.S. provided fluoridated water in 2022, according to a report from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
At least 12 states have laws mandating that communities of a certain size fluoridate the public water system, including California, Delaware, Georgia, Illinois, Kentucky, Louisiana, Minnesota, Mississippi, Nebraska, Nevada, Ohio and South Dakota, according to a report from the National Conference of State Legislatures. It noted at least 12 states have introduced bills prohibiting or repealing provisions related to the addition of fluoride in public water systems. Utah and Florida were the first states such legislation, according to the report.
Three Reasons a Coffee Gift Set From This Christian Company Is Perfect for Christmas
When you’re searching for a Christmas gift that’s meaningful, useful, and rooted in faith, you don’t want to settle for anything generic. This season is filled with noise — mass-produced products, last-minute picks, and trends that fade as quickly as they appear. But one gift stands apart because it blends genuine quality with a message that matters: a coffee gift set from Promised Grounds Coffee.
This small Christian-owned company has become a favorite among believers who want to support faith-driven businesses while giving friends and family something they’ll actually enjoy. Here are three reasons a Promised Grounds Coffee gift set may be the most thoughtful and impactful present you give this year.
1. It’s Truly Delicious Coffee
Too many “gift-worthy” coffees look beautiful in the package but disappoint when the cup is poured. Promised Grounds takes the opposite approach — exceptional taste first, thoughtful presentation second.
Their beans are sourced with care, roasted in small batches, and crafted to bring out a rich, smooth flavor profile that appeals to both casual drinkers and true coffee lovers. Whether someone enjoys bold, dark roasts or lighter, more delicate blends, every sip reflects quality that stands shoulder-to-shoulder with the biggest specialty brands.
Simply put: this coffee is good. Really good. Some say it’s absolutely fantastic. If you want a gift that won’t be re-gifted, ignored, or shoved in a cabinet, this is it.
2. It Spreads the Word While Serving a Real Purpose
There are many Christian gifts that are meaningful… but not exactly practical. There are also useful gifts that have nothing to do with faith. Promised Grounds Coffee bridges both worlds beautifully.
Each gift set delivers an encouraging, faith-centered message through its packaging and presentation — a simple but powerful reminder of God’s goodness during the Christmas season. The cups are especially popular and serve as a daily reminder of the blessings from our Lord. At the same time, the product itself is something people will actually use and appreciate every single day.
It’s a gift that uplifts the spirit and fills the mug. A gift that points loved ones toward Scripture while still being part of the normal rhythm of life. And in a culture that increasingly pushes faith to the margins, giving a gift that quietly but confidently honors Christ can make a deeper impact than you might expect.
3. It’s Affordable, Valuable, and Elegantly Presented
Many people want to give something meaningful without breaking their Christmas budget. Promised Grounds Coffee strikes that perfect balance — the sets look and feel premium, but the price remains accessible.
The packaging is classy, clean, and gift-ready, making it ideal for:
- Family members of all ages
- Co-workers or employees
- Church friends or small-group leaders
- Hosts, neighbors, and last-minute gift needs
It’s the kind of gift that feels more expensive than it is — and more thoughtful than most of what you’ll find on store shelves.
The Perfect Blend of Faith, Flavor, and Christmas Cheer
A coffee gift set from Promised Grounds Coffee checks every box: a gift that tastes amazing, conveys your faith, supports a Christian business, and brings daily enjoyment to the person who receives it. In a season when so many gifts are forgotten, this one stands out for all the right reasons.
If you want a Christmas present that reflects your values and delivers genuine joy, Promised Grounds Coffee is the perfect place to start.
